ラジオ英会話 2019年 1月 復習 後半「関係副詞」

Lesson191：「関係代名詞　which 人以外を先行詞とする」

- Key Sentence -
・The engagement ring which I want is too expensive.
・Where is the parcel（package） which arrived this morning?

＊「名詞を、後ろに置いた節で説明する形」
＊修飾の本質が「空所」にある

- GRAMMAR IN ACTION -
1）僕たちが見たパンダの赤ちゃんはとてもかわいかった。
2）私がいちばん訪れたい国はクロアチアです。

1）The baby pandas which we saw were so cute.
2）The country I’d most like to visit is Croatia. = The country I’d like to visit most is Croatia.
＊

Lesson192：「前置詞を前に出してフォーマル」

- Key Sentence -
・This is the hospital (in which/ whee) we were both born.
・This is the hospital which we were both born in.
・The lawyer to who I spoke earlier was very helpful.

＊文末に残っている前置詞(in) をwhich の前に送り込んでいる。 少しフォーマルな印象があり、ナレーションのように聞こえる。句動詞(look for) のは変えれない

-Grammar In Action -
1）これが君が話の中で触れた書類なのですか？
2）私たちが気がつくと陥っていた状況はたいへん危険なものだった。

1）Is this the document to which you were referring?
2）The situation in which we found ourselves was extremly dangerous.
＊ find oneself - = 気がつくと〜となっていた

Lesson193：「That を使えば怖くない」

- Key Sentence -
・Humans are the only animals that use fire.
・The simplest emotion that we discover in the human mind is curiosity.
・This is everything that I own.

＊ " that " はwho, which に優先して使われるケースがある。先行詞が「唯一」であることを感じさせる " the only, the first, the last "を含む場合と最上級である場合。また " all, any, no, every " を伴う「全・無」を意味する場合。さて、" the only, everything "などの先行詞には、選択の余地はない。予め1つに決定しているから。よって、「選択」を意味に含む関係代名詞よりも、単に「導く」だけの " that " が好まれる。初心者のうちは、ややこしい制限のない that を使えばよい。

-Grammar In Action -
1）私が誕生日にもらったプレゼントを見てごらんよ
2）僕がやってみた、一番エキサイティングなアウトドアの活動は、急流下りです。

1）The most exciting activity that I’ve tried is white-water rafting.
2）All the mistakes that I’ve made have taught me important lessons.

Lesson194：「関係副詞 where」

- Key Sentence -
・Yokohama is the city where I was born.
・My sister followed me everywhere I went.

  ＊ " where " は city, office などの場所以外にも、case, situation, circumstance など、比喩的な場所にも使える。また、先行詞が -whereを含む "everywhere " や " place " である場合は、修飾にわざわざ where を用いる必要はない。

- Grammar In Action -
1）リバプールはクリスがずいぶん昔住んでいた街だ。
2）あなたがひどいトラブルに巻き込まれたところを想像してみて。

1）Liverpool is the city where Chris lived ages ago.
2）Think of a situation where you are in deep trouble.

＊" ages ago " = long time ago の誇張表現
＊We’d like to imagine a container. That’s full of trouble. Oops! You jump in, and you’re surrounded by trouble. So “in” is really the perfect match.

Lesson196：「関係副詞 when, why」
- Key Sentence -
・New Year’s Day is the day when the whole family gets together.
・Can you pinpoint the moment when you fell in love with her?
・I don’t know the reason why he got angry.
＊「New Year’s Day is the day」「the whole family gets together on the day」を "when" がつないでる

- Grammar In Action -
1）僕たちがまったくお金を持っていなかったときのこと、を覚えているかい？
2）僕がこれまで本当に怖いと思ったのは、唯一この前の台風のときだったよ。

1）Do you remember the time when we didn’t have any money?
2）The only time that I’ve felt really scared was during the last typhoon

 ＊「scared」= frightened , You could also say terrified, which would be much higher level of being scared.

Lesson197：「複雑な関係副詞による修飾」
- Key Sentence -
・The keys that my mother thought I lost were in her bag.
・I searched every place where I thought I might have left my cell phone, but in vain.
＊ここでの空所は、I lost の後ろの "the keys "

- Grammar In Action -
1）警察が持っていると思っていた、水も漏らさぬ証拠は、使いものにならないことが分かった。
2）私のチームに参加できると思っていた選手たちは、全員空いていなかった。

1） The watertight evidence that the police thought they had turned out to be useless.
2）The players I hoped could join my team were all unavailable.
＊"watertight " = airtight = 水も漏らさぬ、完璧な

Lesson198：「非制限用法（コンマで情報を追加する）」
- Key Sentence -
・Barbara Chang, who is the hotel manager, greeted us personally.
・We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which some friends recommended to us.
＊関係代名詞節が、発音上の休止（コンマ）によって区切られている。コンマは「余分な情報をねじ込む」ってイメージ。コンマと関係代名詞節は全く違う。関係代名詞は、先行詞が何なのかを絞り込むために使っている。

- Grammar In Action -
1）私の婚約者は、カナダ人なんだけど、流暢な日本語を話しますよ。
2）僕のおじいちゃんはイースター島に行ったんだけど、それって彼のバケツリストのいちばん上にあったんだよ。

1）My fiancé, who is Canadian, speaks fluent Japanese.
2）My granddad went to Easter Island, which was at the top of his bucket list.
＊「Canadian」= カネーディアン
＊「bucket list」= 生きている内にやりたいリスト。　これは "kick the bucket " と関係があると思われる。

Lesson199：「非制限用法のバリエーション」
- Key Sentence -
・My dad is cooking dinner, which doesn’t happen very often.
・She was adventurous, which he was not.
・We looked at two apartments, both of which were excellent.
・The students gave an excuse for missing class, the truth of which was dubious.
＊" , which " は非常に多用される。この形は、名詞だけでなく文や先行表現を受けることもできる。この文で、" which " が受けているのは、前の文内容全体。大切なのは、which でつかむ感覚。

- Grammar In Action -
1）今朝1時間の筋トレをやったんだけど、やるといつも気分がよくなるんだ。
2）サーカスの道化師たちはとっても面白かった、子どもたちも大喜びだったよ。

1）I did an hour’s workout this morning, which always makes me feel good.
2）The circus clowns were hilarious, which delighted the children.
3）Shakespeare is a writer who has inspired so many people.

＊「workout」= it’s a kind of fitness training, or physical exercises. That’s, although, not exclusively usually, we imagine a happening inside the gym, or sports club. So it’s more of like, working muscles, not so much of running.
＊「hilarious」= really, really, really funny. 全てに渡り、とっても面白い。

- Words＆Expression -

「Everything will work out fine（全て上手くいく」
A）What’s wrong, Alexis?
B）I’m thinking about our future. There are so many things we need to decide.
A）Relax. Everything will work out fine. But first of all, you need to choose your ring.
B）That’s what I’m worried about the most. The engagement ring which I want is too expensive.

「get outta here = get out of here（ここから出てけー）」
A）Hi, Sis! Congratulations on the birth of your new little one! You must be thrilled!
B）Absolutely! Thanks for coming to see me, Brian.
A）Hey, what are little brothers for? So let me have a good look at the little monster. Oh, so cute! It must take after its father.
B）Oh, come on. Get outta here!

＊" take after - " =〜に似ている

「Ms. Right（自分に適した女性）」
A）Yeah, that is pretty cool, isn’t it? And the next baby will be yours.
B）Compared to last year, it was about the same.
A）Whoa! I have to find Ms. Right first

「bet（お金をかけるぐらい）自身がある」
A）Hi, Nelson. Welcome back. I bet your family was very glad to see you, even though it was such a short trip after the New Year.
B）Yeah, it was a bit of a rush, but my mom was so happy I could be there to celebrate her 60th birthday.

「as it turned out（後で分かったことだが）」
A）Hi, Trevor. What happened to your hand?
B）Oh, this? I got a small cut. It’s nothing serious.
A）How did you do that?
B）It’s a long story, but we couldn’t get into our house. So I climbed onto the veranda and went in through an open window. That’s where I cut myself.
A）Did you lose your keys?
B）Well, my mother thought I lost them. But as it turned out, the keys that my mother thought I lost were in her bag.